Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene activity that do not involve alterations to the genetic code but still get passed down to at least one successive generation. These patterns of gene expression are governed by the cellular material—the epigenome—that sits on top of the genome, hence the prefix “epi”. These epigenetic “marks” tell the gene to switch on or off, or to speak loudly or to whisper. Diet, stress and pre-and post-natal nutrition are all factors that, through epigenetic marks, can make an imprint on genes that are passed from one generation to the next.

Calf-rearing is affected by epigenetic marks linked to nutrition. In this way, early-life nutrition is able to program the metabolism for later life. Metabolic programming, the natural phenomenon on which LifeStart is based, has been described as follows: “Early adaptations to a short nutritional perinatal stimulus permanently change the physiology and metabolism of the organism and continue to be expressed even in the absence of the stimulus that initiated them".